10 ????? ?????/?????? 2013

?

??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 9000 ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? "????? ???????"? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????: ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????.(1) ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? .

?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????.

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????

???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 300 ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????).

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? 622 ?750 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????.

????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????

?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????: "??????? ????? ???????"? ?? "?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????".(2) ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1088. ??? ??? ???? 44 ?????? ?? ????? 25 ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 13 ?????.(3) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1453 ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1773.

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? "????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????" ??????? ???? ??? ???? 10 ?????? ????? ?? ??????(4) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? (?????) ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 859. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 972? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1065 ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.

???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????.

???????? ???????? ??????

?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? 1987 ?2011? ???? ???? ?? 46 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??(ANNEX01SM - ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1987/1988 ??? 2010/2011). ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1983? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? 160 ????? ???? ?? 12 ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? 7 ????? ?????/?????? 1992 ?????? ??? ???? ?? 2 ??/????? 1997? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????: "????? ??????? ???? ???? ???". ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????: ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? 84 ????? ????? ???????? ??????-??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 100 ???.

????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ????? 10 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? – ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 100 ?200 ???- ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????.

???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

????????

(1)??? Abulafia, David, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, Penguin Books, 2011, p. xxiii.

(2)??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? Hyde, J.K. (1991), Verger, Jacques (2003), Hunt, Janin (2008), Maksidi, George (1970), Rüegg, Walter (1992), Nuria Sanz,Sjur Bergan (2006)

(3) ? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? (??????? ??? Verger, Jacques (2003)), Powicke, F. M.: 1949

(4)??? .

??????

?

????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.