?? ?? ??? 2016 ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? (World Ocean Assessment I). ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 70% ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? 4000 ???. ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 97% ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 1.3 ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????.
??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? 7 ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? 2050? ????? ???? ???? ????? 10 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.
??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? 2030? ????? ??????? ??? 17 ??????? ????????? (SDG) ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? 14 ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? "?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????".
???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????/ ????? 2017. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 2030? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.
??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ???? ?? 93%1 ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???: ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 60 ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? 2015 ?? ???? ??????? (Grantham Institute)? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? 1995 ?2010? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? 36 ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????: ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.
?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? 30% ???????.2 ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? 1% ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? 25% ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 2050 ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????.
???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????.3 ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? 20% ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? 3 ????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.
??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
??? ????? "??????? ????????" ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? ??????/ ?????? 2016? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? 20 ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????.
?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? 12 ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 2100.4 ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????.
?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? (2) ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? 1.5 ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.
???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???????.
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? - ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? - ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????.
?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????.?
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???????
1???? ????? ??????? ??????? "World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000m), 1955-2010" (??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (??? ??? 2000 ???)? 1955 ??? 2010)? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? 39? ????? ??? 10 (17 ????/ ???? 2012).
2???? ?????? ?. ????? ????? ??. ????? ????? ??. ????? "Ocean acidification: present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world" (???? ????????: ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????)? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? 22? ????? ??? 4 (????? ?????/ ?????? 2009)? ??????? 36-47.
3???? ???? ??????? ??????? "The magnitude of global marine species diversity" (??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????)? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? 22? ??? 23 (4 ????? ?????/ ?????? 2012)? ??????? 2189 - 2202.
4???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? "Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios" (????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????)? ??????? ?????? 349? ????? ??? 6243 (3 ????/ ????? 2015)? ??????? 4722-1-4722-10.
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????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
