? ? ? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? (????????? ????? 2000). ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?????: “??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????” (2001? ?????? 11). ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
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???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 2005 ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? “‘????? ????’ ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????” (Guehenno, Ramcharan and Mortimer, 2010). ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????.
???????? “???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????” (????? ?? Akhavan? 2011? ???????21). ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? “??? ???? ????” ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? - ??? ?? ????:
???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2005. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????/ ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? 2005? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? (2008).
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? - ??? ??? ????? ??? “??? ???? ????”.
???????? ??? ?????/????? 2012? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? - ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? “????? ?????” ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? - ???? ????? ???? “??? ??? ?????? ????”. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? 2171 (2014)? ???? “????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? “??? ????? ?????” (????? ???????? 2014). ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
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???????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????: “???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1989? ?? ??????? ??? 180 ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ????? 10 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????” (Whitman, Zayed and Conradi, 2014). ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.
???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? (Whitman, Zayed and Conradi, 2014).
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???????????????? ??????? 1994
???????? ?? ??? 1994? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.
???????? ??? 4 ??/????? 1993? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??? 1990 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? 000 3 ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? 1993 ????? 000 22 ???. ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? 1993 ?? ?????? ???? “?????? ???”. ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????.
???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? 000 5 ??? 000 28 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????/?????? 1990 ??? ??/????? 1993. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????/?????? 1993? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? - ?? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? “??????”.
???????? ??? ????? ?????/?????? 1993? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????/????? 1994? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????/????? 1994 ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????/????? 1994? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????.
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???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????.
???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? - ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
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???????:
Akhavan, Payam (2011). Preventing genocide: measuring success by what does not happen. Criminal Law Forum, vol. 22, Nos. 1 and 2 (March), pp. 1-33.
??? ?? - ??? (2008). ???? ????? ?????? “Responsible Sovereignty: International Cooperation for a Changed World”. Berlin, 15 July. Available from asp?statiD=1631-
Guéhenno, Jean-Marie, Bertram G. Ramcharan, and Edward Mortimer (2010). 缅北禁地Early Warning and Responses to Mass Atrocities. Meeting Summary. 23 March. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. Available from ing-and-responses-to-mass-atrocities.pdf.
MacFarlane, Stephen Neil, and Thomas G. Weiss (2000). Political Interest and Humanitarian Action. Security Studies, Vol. 10, No.1 (Fall), pp. 112-142. Available from .
Machel, Gra?a (2001). The Impact of War on Children. New York: Palgrave.
????? ??????? (2014). ???? ????? ??????? ?????? 2171 (2014) ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ?? ??????: .
Whitman, Shelly, Tanya Zayed, and Carl Conradi (2014). Child Soldiers: A Handbook for Security Sector Actors. 2nd ed., Halifax: the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative.
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????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
