缅北禁地

Loading cargo on a ship in Cotonou, Benin: There are fears that Northern protectionism may further hinder Africa鈥檚 ability to earn more from trade, notes Mr Diarra.

Photograph: Panos / Sven Torfinn

As evidence mounts that the international economic crisis is provoking a deep and prolonged downturn in the world economy, Africa is feeling more and more of its negative effects, says 缅北禁地Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa Cheick Sidi Diarra. Most seriously, Mr. Diarra explains in an interview with Africa Renewal, the global slowdown is reducing the prices of commodity exports, 鈥渢he main basis of African economies.鈥� Developed countries are also likely to 鈥済ive priority to their own internal markets,鈥� contributing to a decline in foreign direct investments in Africa and other developing regions.

In trade, the tendency of governments in the richer developed economies to subsidize their domestic farmers has for some time undercut the ability of African exporters to compete in world markets. A few African countries, Mr. Diarra says, are now complaining that members of the European Union (EU) are beginning to increase such subsidies even more.

For the time being, Africa鈥檚 33 least developed countries (LDCs) continue to enjoy preferential access to markets in industrialized countries, which allow 97 per cent of all LDC exports to enter without duties or quotas. But as the rich countries grapple with their crises, 鈥渢his policy might be reversed,鈥� Mr. Diarra worries. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 wish it. But these are things one should expect. There might be more protectionism.鈥� (In addition to his position as special adviser on Africa, Mr. Diarra is also the UN鈥檚 high representative for the LDCs, landlocked developing countries and small-island developing states.)

Solidarity, North and South

Although some African leaders have raised concerns that the continent鈥檚 Northern donor partners may reduce their development aid in order to shift limited financing to their own domestic priorities, Mr. Diarra has not yet seen any sign of that happening. 鈥淥n the contrary,鈥� he says, 鈥淚 was assured鈥� that aid commitments would be met.

During an international conference on 鈥渇inancing for development鈥� in Doha in November鈥揇ecember 2008, he reports, President Nicholas Sarkozy of France reaffirmed the EU鈥檚 pledge to provide the equivalent of 0.56 per cent of gross domestic product in official development assistance (ODA) by 2010, and 0.7 per cent by 2015. Japan, the US and other members of the industrialized countries鈥� Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have similarly promised to meet the targets they previously pledged to Africa.

Photograph: 缅北禁地/ Evan Schneider

Meanwhile, Africa is benefiting from a more diverse range of international relationships, Mr. Diarra points out. China, India and other countries in the global South have in recent years emerged as important new development partners for Africa. Because their economies have been growing very strongly, they have established 鈥渟overeign wealth funds鈥� in order to invest not only in their own economies, but also 鈥渋n other developing countries, even in the developed countries.鈥�

Some countries in the South have provided access to technologies 鈥渨hich are most adaptable to the needs of the continent.鈥� They have also agreed to open up their markets, on preferential terms, to exports from LDCs and African countries.

Moreover, Mr. Diarra emphasizes, an alliance between Africa and other developing regions makes it easier for African nations to be heard in the international financial institutions and other world arenas. 鈥淭he voice of Africa by itself is not strong,鈥� Mr. Diarra admits. 鈥淏ut when the voice of Africa is supported by India and China, it carries very far.鈥�

On firmer footing

The greatest source of Africa鈥檚 strength lies within, Mr. Diarra suggests. In recent decades important reforms have been carried out in both the political and economic realms, providing a framework for more secure societies and more vibrant economies.

鈥淧olitical governance has improved,鈥� Mr. Diarra says. 鈥淲e are witnessing more and more stable countries, fewer coups d鈥檈tat, more democratic transitions.鈥�

He cites the continent鈥檚 innovative African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), which has had a 鈥渞eal impact on the ground.鈥� Initiated under the umbrella of the New Partnership for Africa鈥檚 Development (NEPAD), adopted by African leaders in 2001, the APRM is a voluntary process whereby participating countries assess each other鈥檚 efforts to promote democracy, human rights and sound economic management.

More must be done, Mr. Diarra adds. National policies and strategies need to be defined from the 鈥渂ottom up,鈥� through inclusive dialogues that involve all sectors of society. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 important,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t shouldn鈥檛 be decisions imposed from outside, or decisions imposed from the elites.鈥� Only by soliciting inputs from the grass roots will it be possible to identify 鈥渢he daily life hardships of the population.鈥�

Economic reforms

Over the past two decades most countries of sub-Saharan Africa have carried out economic reforms, including those promoted by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In most cases, these 鈥渟tructural adjustments鈥� were 鈥渟ocially very painful,鈥� Mr. Diarra acknowledges. But in the long term the reforms 鈥渉elped Africa to get macro-economic equilibrium, which is a good basis on which to build sustainable economic development.鈥�

African countries have also strengthened their legal systems, giving greater confidence to domestic and foreign investors alike. It is important, Mr. Diarra says, to have 鈥渢ransparency in doing business, having a clear legal framework and playing by the legal framework that exists, not playing another game.鈥�

Greater efforts are needed to fight corruption and to avoid the flight of capital into foreign bank accounts, Mr. Diarra adds. Moreover, it is important 鈥渢o protect the interests of the country against the interests of the multinationals,鈥� or at least to make those interests more compatible. There must be codes of conduct to ensure that foreign corporations operate in a socially responsible manner and safeguard the environment.

African countries have often competed fiercely to attract foreign investors, not only by strengthening their legal systems and improving their investment codes, but sometimes also by overlooking certain harmful practices. 鈥淚t鈥檚 true that the countries that most need to attract foreign direct investment are lenient on rules, regulations, social safety nets and environmental protection. We have to do something about that.鈥�

Infrastructure and agriculture

Responding to frequent criticisms within Africa that the continent鈥檚 development plan, NEPAD, has demonstrated few tangible results, Mr. Diarra responds: 鈥淣EPAD has made great progress since its adoption. It鈥檚 not visible for the time being.鈥� Much time and effort has been spent developing programmes for Africa鈥檚 different economic and social sectors, involving governments, African regional institutions and international funding agencies. The process of identifying priority initiatives and estimating their costs 鈥渋s almost completed,鈥� he says. 鈥淣ow, the toughest part remains: the funding of the different pro颅jects and programmes.鈥� He cites infrastructure 鈥� roads, ports, power grids, water systems and new information technologies 鈥� as a key priority, for which donors have established an Infrastructure Consortium for Africa to help mobilize financing (see Africa Renewal, January 2009).

Agricultural development, especially increasing the continent鈥檚 low levels of food productivity, is another priority, Mr. Diarra affirms. According to NEPAD鈥檚 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, each African country should commit at least 10 per cent of its budget to agriculture, in order to raise farm productivity by an average annual rate of 6 per cent. 鈥淭o tell you the truth, not many African countries are doing that so far,鈥� he laments.

But there are also positive examples. Malawi, Mr. Diarra says, took 鈥渁 very bold initiative to provide farmers whatever they need as inputs,鈥� with the government subsidizing the costs of fertilizer and high-yield seeds (see Africa Renewal, October 2008). Within two years, harvests increased so dramatically that Malawi was transformed from a recipient of emergency food relief to a contributor of cereals to the UN鈥檚 World Food Programme. 鈥淪o, will it be sustainable?鈥� he wonders. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 know. But this is definitely the way to move forward.鈥�