? ? ? ? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????(1). ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? 68?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????(2) ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? 2030(3). ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????(4)? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2012 ??? 3.7 ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? 3.2??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ? 1.3 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????(5).
???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????(6)? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????2030? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? 17 ????? ??169?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.
???????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????.
???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????(7). ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????(8).
???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????(9).
???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 7 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????(10). ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????(11). ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 10 ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????(12). ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 000 400 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 330 ????? ???? ? 940 ????? ????(13).
???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? - ?????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ???? 3.2??????? ???? ??????(14). ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????.
???????????????? ??????
???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????.
???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.
???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????.
???????????????? ???????
???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????.
???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? (?????????????) ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 17 ??? 20 ????? ?????/?????? 2016? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ”???????? ??????: ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????“? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????/????? 2016 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????: ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? HealthBridge ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ”Smarter Than Car“. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????(15).
?
???????
1 -??? ????: NCD Alliance and Global Climate and Heath Alliance, NCDs and Climate Change: Shared Opportunities for Action (2016). ????? ??? ??????? ??????: .
2 -??? ????: World Health Organization, “Global Health Estimates 2014 Summary Tables: DALY by Cause, Age and Sex 2000-2012”, Workbook (Geneva, 2014). ????? ??? ??????? ??????: .
3 -??? ????? ????? ????????? ”??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????“? ????? ????? ????266? ??? ?????? ?? ??????/????? 2016 . ????? ??? ??????? ??????: .
4 - ????:World Health Organization, Air Quality Guidelines: Global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide (Copenhagen, 2006) ????? ??? ??????? ??????: =1.
5 -??? ????? ????? ????????? ”???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????“? ????? ????? ????358? ??? ?????? ?? ?????/?????? 2016 . ????? ??? ??????? ??????: .
6 -??? ????:NCD Alliance and Global Climate and Heath Alliance, NCDs and Climate Change, p. 4.
7 -??? ????: Terry Hartig and others, “Nature and health”, Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 35, (March 2014), pp. 207-228.
8 -??? ????:Sjerp de Vries, “Nearby nature and human health: looking at mechanisms and their implications”, in Innovative Approaches to Researching Landscape and Health: Open Space: People Space 2, Catharine Ward Thompson, Peter Aspinall and Simon Bell, eds. (Abingdon, New York, Routledge, 2010), pp. 77-96; Mireia Gascon and others, “Residential green spaces and mortality: a systematic review”, Environment International, vol. 86 (January 2016), pp. 60-67; Takemi Sugiyama and others, “Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships?”, Research report, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 62, No. 5 (2008), pp. e 9; Mathew White and others, “Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data” Psychological Science, vol. 24, No. 6 (June 2013), pp. 920-928; Kate Lachowycz and Andy Peter Jones, “Greenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence”, Obesity Reviews, vol. 12 (February 2011), pp. e183-e189; Paul J. Villeneuve and others, “A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada”, Environmental Research, vol. 115 (May 2012), pp. 51-58.
9 -??? ????:Jessica Allen and Reuben Balfour, “Natural solutions for tackling health inequalities”, Report (London, UCL Institute of Health Equity, 2014). ????? ??? ??????? ?????? :.
10 -? ????:World Health Organization, Reducing global health risks through mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants, Scoping report for policymakers (Geneva, 2015). ????????? ??????? ??????: .
11 -? ????:Glen P. Kenny and others, “Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases”, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 182, No.10 (July 2010), pp. 1053-1060.
12 -? ????:Hashem Akbari, “Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 116 (2002), Supplement 1, pp. S119-126. ????? ??? ??????? ??????: %20building%20energy%20use%20and%20CO2%20emissions%20from%20power%20plants.pdf.
13 -? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ”??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????“? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? 2013 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? 15?????? ?????/?????? 2013. ???? ??? ??????? ??????: .
14 -? ????:World Health Organization, Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks (Geneva, 2009). ????? ??? ??????? ??????:
15 -? ????:World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Urban Green Spaces and Health (Copenhagen,) (???? ??????).
