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??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 1933. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???. ?????? 1945? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? 500 ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????.

1
????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????4 ????? 1938.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #96082. Courtesy of Lola Peres. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

2
????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? 1933.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #78550. Courtesy of Shalom Eilati. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

3
????? ?? ??? ¡°??? ?????¡± ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1922-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #48873. Courtesy of Ayelet Bargur. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

4
????? ?????????? (???? ??????) ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #48753. Courtesy of Frieda Belinfante. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

5
????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? 1929-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #14670. Courtesy of George Pick. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

6
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? 1937.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #44600. Courtesy of Gerald Liebenau. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

7
????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? 1938-1939.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #74701. Courtesy of Spielman and Hudes Families. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

8
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ??? 1925-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #65440. Courtesy of Andrea Renner. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

9
????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1920-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #42064. Courtesy of Katie Altenberg. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

10
???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? 1930-1939.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #57834. Courtesy Marilka (Mairanz) Ben Naim, Ita (Mairanz) Mond and Tuvia Mairanz, Source Record ID: Collections: 2005.218.1. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

11
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? 1932.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #25106. Courtesy of Gavra Mandil, Source Record ID: Collections: 2002.158. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

12
???? ???? ????? ????? ????? (??? ?????? ???????) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #61579. Courtesy of Paul Halter. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

13
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1930-1939.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #62512. Courtesy Ceira Gotlib. Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.164. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

14
???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? 1929-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #65589. Courtesy of Dr. Sophie Kimelman-Rosen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

15
????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 1920-1930.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #33341. Courtesy of Rita Prigmore, Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.226.1 Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

16
??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? 1933-1936.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #56413. Courtesy of Walter Wolff. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

17
????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? 1932-1933.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #93800. Courtesy of Noemi Cassutto. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

18
?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? .1937?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #64847. Courtesy of Shoshana Loeb. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

19
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 1933.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #54613. Courtesy of Regina Zavier. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

20
???? ????? ??????? (?? ????? ?? ??????) ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? 1936.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #96361. Courtesy of Carolyn Stewart. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

21
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? 1935.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #17193. Courtesy of Charles & Herma Ellenboghen Barber. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

22
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ¡°??? ?????¡± ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????1938. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #67180. Courtesy of Norman Salsitz, Source Record ID: Collections: 2003.425.1. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

23
????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????1934. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #05373. Courtesy of Tswi Herschel. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

24
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? 1939.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #47570. Courtesy of Gabriella Reitler Rosberger, Source Record ID: Collections: 2004.7. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

25
?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? 6 ?????? 1940. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #08211. Courtesy of Gavra Mandil Source Record ID: Collections: 2002.158. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

26
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? 24 ????? 1938.
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #44642. Courtesy of Ruth Cohen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

27
???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? 1920.?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #22680. Courtesy of Mitchell Eisen. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

28
???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? - ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? 1931. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #63108. Courtesy of Manfred Gans Estate. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

29
????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1930-1939. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #49040. Courtesy of Franco Fubini. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

30
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? 1935. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #79206. Courtesy of Franco Ewa Kracowska. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

31
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? 1918. ?
.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #42518. Courtesy of Irving and Lita Berk. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

32
???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? 1933-1934.?
. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo Archives #97267. Courtesy of Ivan Singer. Copyright of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

 

 

????? ??????: 1933-1945?  ?? ??? ???????

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