Ãå±±½ûµØ

§¥§à§Ò§â§à §á§à§Ø§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §°§°§¯. §¿§ä§à §Ó§Ñ§ê §Þ§Ú§â!

§¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§í§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§í

§°§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§à§Ó

§¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú

§´§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.

a) §´§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö: §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö 38(1)(a) §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §à ?§Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ç, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ú §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç? §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ, §á§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§ç §ß§à§â§Þ §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ç §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§à§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ, §Ñ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §ã§å§Õ§Ö§Ò§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §Õ§à§Ü§ä§â§Ú§ß§í §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó §á§à §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§é§ß§à§Þ§å §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å. §£ §ï§ä§à§Þ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§ã§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ø§Ö, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â?. §°§Ò§ë§Ö§á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§í §Ú §ß§à§â§Þ§í §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Þ?, §ã §ä§Ö§Þ §é§ä§à§Ò§í §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ç §à§ä §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ú§ß§à§ß§Ú§Þ§à§Þ §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ ?§Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â?.

b) §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß: §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Þ §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ö §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ? §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ó§å§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ä§à §Ó §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §à§ß, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §ã §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß. §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó. §°§Ò§í§é§ß§à §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í, §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §á§à§Õ §ï§Ô§Ú§Õ§à§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú? (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §à §Ò§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ú 1992 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §á§à §Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§à§Þ§å §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å 1982 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó 1969 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ). §´§à §Ø§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ, §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Þ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §®§°§´ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§å§Ø§é§Ú§ß §Ú §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß §Ù§Ñ §ä§â§å§Õ §â§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú 1951 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ö§Û §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ, §Ú§Ý§Ú §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ 1989 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ §¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¡§ã§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ò§Ý§Ö§Ö§Û §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û).

§³§Þ. §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö

§µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§í

§´§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§å§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó? (§Ú§Ý§Ú ?§ç§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ñ?) §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §ä§à§â§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §å§é§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §³§Ñ§Þ §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ï§Þ§à§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §à§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ü§å, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ó§à§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Û §·§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û 1215 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¬ §é§Ú§ã§Ý§å §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§ã§ñ 1945 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §µ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó 1952 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

§±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§í

§´§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý? §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â, §é§Ö§Þ §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö ?§Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú? §Ú§Ý§Ú ?§Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú?. §¿§ä§à§ä §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß §Þ§à§Ô §Ò§í §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó:

a) §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §à §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ã§å§Ò§ã§Ú§Õ§Ú§Ñ§â§ß§í§Û §á§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§å §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §ä§Ö§Þ§Ú §Ø§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §´§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ, §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§í §Ó §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â, §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó. §²§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à, §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä ipso facto §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ.

b) §¶§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §Ü §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§å §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§à §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§å §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §°§Ò§í§é§ß§à §à§ß §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§à§ä §Ø§Ö §Õ§Ö§ß§î, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §Ú §á§à§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §â§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§í §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §é§Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ ?§Õ§Ó§å§ã§ä§å§á§Ö§ß§é§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ?. §ª§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §¶§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §Ü §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §á§Ñ§Ü§ä§å §à §Ô§â§Ñ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ç 1966 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

c) §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý, §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Þ§à§é§ß§à§Þ §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ö, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Û §à§ã§à§Ò§í§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§ë§Ú§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §â§Ñ§Þ§à§é§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ù§à§ß§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §å§á§â§à§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú §å§ã§Ü§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ §Ú §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ. §£ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §®§à§ß§â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §á§à §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§Ý§à§Û, 1987 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§í§Û §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Û 2 §Ú 8 §£§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §à§Ò §à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö §à§Ù§à§ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§ñ 1985 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

d) §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §à §Ó§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Û §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§ß§à§ã§ñ§ä §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â .

e) §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Þ§å §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§å, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§è§Ö§Ó, 1967 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§å§ã§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ø§Ö§ß§è§Ö§Ó 1951 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

f) §±§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý (Proces-Verbal) §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú§ã§ñ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú.

§¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú

§´§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß ?§Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ? §å§á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ð§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú. §¿§ä§à§ä §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó§í§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§Þ§à§ß§ã§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ä§à§Ô§à, §é§ä§à §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §ß§Ö §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ð§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó, §Ñ §Ý§Ú§ê§î §ç§à§ä§ñ§ä §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §é§Ñ§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §²§Ú§à 1992 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §£ §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§í §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§î §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§Ý§å §á§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Þ §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ä§î, §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ý§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ð§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §£§í§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ã§ä§å§ð §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§Û §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö§Û. §¯§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í, §à§Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö ?§Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú?, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î, §ß§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§î §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§Ý§í, §à§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §á§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §Ú§ç §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§à§Ò§â§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ß§à§â§Þ§í §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ. §¿§ä§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §ã§à §£§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §á§â§Ñ§Ó §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ 1948 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§î §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§Ý§å, §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ:

a) §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Þ §Ó §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ. §±§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §³§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §¬§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §á§à §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§å §à §³§ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ö 1984 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ;

b) §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à §ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§å §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Õ§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û;

c) §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§å-§Ý§Ú§Ò§à §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§å;

d) §â§ñ§Õ §à§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Û (§Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û) §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§Ý§å. §´§Ú§á§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú (§Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ) §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §æ§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ , §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§å§ð §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ú§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §ç§à§ä§ñ §à§ß§Ú §á§â§ñ§Þ§à §Ú §ß§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§í §Õ§â§å§Ô §Ü §Õ§â§å§Ô§å. §¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §¦§Ô§Ú§á§ä§à§Þ §Ó 1957 §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§ñ§ñ §¥§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §à §³§å§ï§è§Ü§à§Þ §Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ö §Ú §á§à§â§ñ§Õ§à§Ü §Ö§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ñ.