The legal frameworks she has ushered through Parliament provide unprecedented protection for victims of crime.听
Although sexual harassment and election-related violence often plague women politicians in Kenya, Ms. Odhiambo and her peers are proving that women deliver for gender equality and protection of survivors. She is also pushing for enforcing existing quota laws.
鈥淭he way sexual offences were handled in court used to horrify me. Child survivors of rape were cross-examined in open court with open questioning about their sexual history. I made noise and the judges said, 鈥榦ur hands are tied; the law allows it.鈥� I would be at loggerheads all the time. I was told by magistrates 鈥榠f you don鈥檛 like the law, then fix the law.鈥� And that鈥檚 what I did,鈥� says Ms. Odhiambo.
鈥淚t was not just about awareness or lack of representation 鈥� the laws themselves were defective. Gender discrimination was allowed under the old constitution.鈥�
Rewriting the rulebook
Kenya adopted a new constitution in 2010 and Ms. Odhiambo was one of 27 parliamentarians on the dedicated parliamentary committee. She has since introduced a series of legislation to better protect victims of crime, particularly women and girls.
鈥淚鈥檝e been fixing the law, and I鈥檝e fixed quite a bit. I pushed for the inclusion of child rights and women鈥檚 rights,鈥� she says, adding: 鈥淲ithin Parliament, I introduced the Victim Protection Act. It brings in victim impact statements: asking how a crime impacts a victim鈥檚 life. A victim鈥檚 fund has also been set up. The judges can now decide, on the spot, to offer compensation. For the first time, we鈥檙e looking at the person who is offended.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檝e also focused on simplifying the court process鈥� Lawyers weren鈥檛 happy because they wanted the technical language, but when you鈥檙e dealing with human rights issues, technicality should not override justice,鈥� she notes.
Quotas work, but they need to be enforced
Kenya鈥檚 Constitution includes a 鈥榯wo-thirds gender rule鈥� 鈥� at least 33 per cent of parliamentarians should be women, combining nominations to reserved seats and elected seats.听
However, currently women make up a little over 20 per cent of parliamentarians. Heavy lobbying (and numerous court orders) have so far failed to move Parliament to legislate or amend the gender quota provisions. So contested is the issue that Kenya鈥檚 Chief Justice wrote an open letter in 2020 recommending that Parliament be dissolved for its failure to act.
I鈥檝e been fixing the law, and I鈥檝e fixed quite a bit. I pushed for the inclusion of child rights and women鈥檚 rights.
鈥淚f you look at our history of electing women, our pace has been very slow. But, when given a chance through affirmative action, women have proven they can win and they actually deliver. I first came into Parliament nominated, but now I鈥檓 in my second elected term,鈥� says Ms. Odhiambo.
The 缅北禁地Women Country Representative to Kenya, Anna Mutavati, says through fast tracked, equal power-sharing, women and men can collectively solve the urgent challenges of our time.
听鈥淲e know that gender quotas increase women鈥檚 representation in legislatures and other sectors when they are well designed and effectively implemented. What we need in Kenya is full implementation of the gender quota, especially in the national assembly, along with investment in building women鈥檚 capacity to compete and lead in politics,鈥� said Ms. Mutavati.
Increasing women鈥檚 representation
缅北禁地Women鈥檚 Women in Leadership Programme, funded by the Government of Finland has been working to increase women鈥檚 representation in decision-making since 2014.听
The programme works with government institutions to support the development and implementation of gender-responsive legal frameworks, builds leadership capacity of women leaders aspiring to join politics, and raises awareness within communities about women鈥檚 right to political participation.
In 2019 and 2020, 缅北禁地Women also supported the development of a Women in Political Leadership curriculum and training manual, together with the Ministry of Public Service and Gender and Echo Network Africa (ENA). This year, 100 women who aspire to run for election in 2022 have completed the course.
While she appreciates the importance of education and training for grass-roots women candidates, Ms. Odhiambo brings into focus another important issue to tackle 鈥搗iolence in elections: 鈥淲e need 缅北禁地Women and the international community to be vocal not just for equal representation but to stress the need for peace and non-violence during the next year.鈥�
Curbing gender-based violence in elections
Elections precipitate violence in Kenya, and Ms. Odhiambo is one of many women previously targeted. Since taking office, she has also faced sexual harassment from male peers.
鈥淚鈥檓 trying to demystify sexual harassment and violence as a tool against women politicians鈥� My house was burned down, my bodyguard was killed. Looking ahead to the next general election is worrisome. Already, you can see candidates being heckled, people being beaten 鈥� and we鈥檙e still a year away...鈥� says Ms. Odhiambo.
鈥淭here are laws, but the parties need to be more committed and promote discipline鈥� it requires nothing short of prosecution,鈥� she explains: It basically [all comes down to] whether we implement our laws or not.鈥�
Fast facts
Although more women lead in public life, progress to reverse harmful norms and reach gender parity is too slow. Women make up just 24.9 per cent of parliamentarians worldwide, and only three countries have 50 per cent or more women in parliament. At the local level, women hold over 2 million elected seats, or 36 per cent.
Gender quotas increase women鈥檚 representation in legislatures and other sectors when they are well designed and effectively implemented. Ambitious targets, enforcement and penalties for political parties鈥� non-compliance are needed for countries to achieve their targets.
Violence against women in political and public life stops women from accessing power and silences their voices in decision-making. Women politicians, rights defenders, leaders of women鈥檚 organizations and feminist groups are targeted online and offline.
Only Bolivia has a standalone law criminalizing violence against women in politics. More needs to be done to ensure that all public institutions apply zero tolerance for violence, discrimination, and abuse, including through ratification of the ILO Violence and Harassment Convention (No. 190).
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