???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????/ ?????? 2016. ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????.???INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION
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????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 80% ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? 50,000 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? 10 ????? ??1 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????.
?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (SDG) ??? 14: ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 172 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? 1948? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? (Torrey Canyon) ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1967? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1973? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? (MARPOL).
???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? (?????? ?? ?????? ?????)? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? (?????? ??????)? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? (?????? ??????)? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? (?????? ??????)? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? (?????? ??????). ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1997? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (MARPOL)? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? 2011? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? (MARPOL)? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? (ECA) ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? 0.10 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? (????/ ????) ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? 0.50 ?????? (????/ ????)? ??? ?? ???? 3.5 ?????? (????/ ????)? ???? ????? ?? 1 ????? ??????/ ????? 2020.
??????? ??? ??????? (MARPOL) ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????.
????? ??????? (MARPOL) ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? 19 ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? "??????? ??????" ??? ??? 1992? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 1 ??/ ????? 2011? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? (MARPOL). ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO)? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? 1 ????? ??????/ ????? 2017? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO)? ????? ????? ?????? "??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???" (PASSA)? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? 14 ????? (???????? ??? ????? ????) ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? (????????)? ??????? ????????? (?????????)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? (???????? ??????? ?????????)? ???? ???? (????????? ????????? ???????). ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? 14 ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ?????? ??????? (MARPOL) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO)? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? 1972? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 1996. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????.
????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????.
???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? (GEF)? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (IPIECA).
??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? (Glo-X)? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
?? ????? ?????? ????????? (GloBallast Partnerships Project) ???? ?????? 2007 ??? 2017? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? (GEF)? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? (UNPD)? ???????? ??????? ??????? (IMO)? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? (BWM) ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO). ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? (BWM) ??? ??????? ?? ??????/ ????? 2017? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????.
????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (GloMEEP) ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? (GEF)? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? (UNPD)? ???????? ??????? ??????? (IMO)? ????? ???? ?? 10 ??? ?????? ????? (????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????). ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????.
????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? (GMN) ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? (MTCC)? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? (MTCC) ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? (MTCC)? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?? ????? (GloMEEP) ?(GMN) ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 13 ?? ????? ??????? ????????? (SDG).
??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (GESAMP)? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? "?????? ???????" ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO). ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???.
?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? (GESAMP) ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (IMO) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????.
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1??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? 2016 (UNCTAD/RMT/2016)? ??? ??????? 10? 87. ???? ??? ??????:
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