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???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 2.7 ????? ??? (????? 40 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????) ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????(1). ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? 1.5 ????? ???- ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????(?).
???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????- ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????- ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? (??? ?? ????? ????????) ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????.
???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? 20 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????(3). ??? ??? 2012? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? 700 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????(4). ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? "?????". ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? 90 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????(5). ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 7 ?? ????? ??????? ?????????: ?????????.
???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????- ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????- ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????- ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.
???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? 40 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????(6). ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????). ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???. ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????- ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????- ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????. ???? ??? ?? ????. ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????(7). ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.
???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? 7 ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????.?
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1? International Energy Agency, Energy Poverty: How to make modern energy access universal? Special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2010 for the 缅北禁地General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. (Paris, 2010) p. 9, 20. Available from uploads/2013/09/Special_Excerpt_of_WEo_2010.pdf.
2? International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010), p. 237. Available from weo2010.pdf.
3? International Energy Agency, Energy Poverty: How to make modern energy access universal?, p. 9. Available from uploads/2013/09/Special_Excerpt_of_WEo_2010.pdf.
4? Helen Pidd, “India blackouts leave 700 million without power”, The Guardian, 31 July 2012. Available from world/2012/jul/31/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts.
5? International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011 Factsheet: How will global energy markets evolve to 2035? (Paris, 2011). Available from
6? Michelle Nijhuis, “Can Coal Ever Be Clean?”, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 225, issue 4 (April 2014), p. 30-40. Available from nationalgeographic.com/2014/04/coal/nijhuis-text.
7? Srikanth Subbarao and Bob Lloyd, “Can the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Deliver?”, Energy Policy, vol. 39, issue 3 (March 2011), p. 1600-1611.
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