缅北禁地

A mother and child in Ghana with insecticide-treated bed nets to protect against mosquitos carrying malaria. Japan is financing projects to promote greater use of bed nets across Africa.

Photograph: Yasuyoshi Chiba

Building on its recent economic and political achievements, Africa is poised for a 鈥渃entury of growth鈥� and may even become 鈥渁 powerful engine driving the growth of the world,鈥� Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda said at the opening of a three-day summit of African and Asian leaders.

Held in Japan鈥檚 port city of Yokohama 28鈥�30 May, the fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) drew some 40 African heads of state and government to refine strategies for further advancing the region鈥檚 progress. The conference was co-organized by the government of Japan, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the 缅北禁地Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) and the World Bank.

鈥淓conomic ties between Asia and Africa have expanded rapidly in recent years,鈥� 缅北禁地Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro observed. Between 1990 and 2005, she noted, African exports to Asian countries have tripled, and Asia now accounts for more than a quarter of all African exports. Asia鈥檚 foreign direct investment in Africa also grew rapidly, although from a small base.

Promoting such enhanced Asian-African cooperation has been a central goal of Japan since the first TICAD conference in 1993. The summit meetings, held at five-year intervals, have served not only to highlight Japan鈥檚 own support for Africa, but have also provided a venue for other Asian countries to showcase their increasing engagement with the continent. In November 2006 China hosted a major summit with African leaders (see Africa Renewal, January 2007), and in April 2008 India also gave a major push to its relations with the region ().

Tsuneo Kurokawa, head of the Africa section of the Japan International Cooperation Agency, distinguished TICAD鈥檚 multilateral approach from China鈥檚 recent bilateral initiatives. 鈥淭he strength of TICAD,鈥� Mr. Kurokawa emphasized, 鈥渃onsists in the fact that it involves other parts of Asia and international organizations.鈥� He noted that the Yokohama conference included representatives from 12 Asian nations, 22 donor countries and 55 international organizations, including the UN, which has been a cosponsor since 1993.

Two other TICAD principles have been African ownership of the continent鈥檚 development strategy and the establishment of a genuine partnership between Africa and its international supporters. These concepts are embodied in the New Partnership for Africa鈥檚 Development (NEPAD), adopted by African leaders in 2001, noted the Yokohama Declaration issued by summit participants. NEPAD also had been endorsed by the previous TICAD conference, in 2003, as the framework for cooperation between Asia and Africa.

Infrastructure and MDGs

In order to boost Africa鈥檚 economic growth, Prime Minister Fukuda told the summit, 鈥淭he most important thing is the development of infrastructure.鈥� Reflecting NEPAD鈥檚 own emphasis on this sector, the Yokohama Action Plan approved by the summit observed that building roads, ports, power systems, water facilities and other infrastructure will be vital for expanding industry, agriculture, trade and investment in Africa.

Advancing 鈥渉uman security鈥� in Africa 鈥� one of the topics emphasized at the Yokohama summit 鈥� will also be essential for the continent鈥檚 progress, participants agreed. However, they noted in the Yokohama Declaration that achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by world leaders in 2000 to reduce poverty and promote human well-being, 鈥渨ill be a difficult task.鈥� Ms. Migiro, the 缅北禁地deputy-secretary-general, expressed concern that now, at the midpoint to the MDGs鈥� target date of 2015, Africa is lagging. 鈥淏ased on current trends,鈥� she said, 鈥渘o African country is likely to achieve all the goals. An effective and immediate response is required.鈥�

One way to speed progress on the MDGs is to use existing resources in a more targeted and efficient way. The Yokohama summit highlighted community-based approaches such as the Millennium Villages Project, which is now in its pilot phase in 10 African countries ().

From aid to investment

TICAD participants also emphasized that the MDGs can be advanced if the donor countries fulfill the commitments they already have made to double assistance to Africa. That was one of the central messages that Japan has promised to convey to the next summit meeting of the Group of Eight (G-8) industrial nations, scheduled for Tokyo in July.

Prime Minister Fukuda announced that Japan will double its own official development assistance (ODA) to Africa over the next five years. According to estimates by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Japan disbursed $2.7 bn to sub-Saharan Africa in 2006 (the last year for which detailed statistics are available). In 2007, however, overall Japanese foreign aid fell by nearly a third, a slippage that was sharply criticized by Japanese civil society organizations in the lead-up to the TICAD conference.

Mr. Fukuda said that part of the increase in Japan鈥檚 aid over the next five years will be in the form of $4 bn in soft loans for infrastructure development projects. Grants and technical assistance will be doubled. That technical assistance will include training 100,000 African health workers over the next five years and sending teams of water specialists to improve Africans鈥� access to water sources.

In 2009 Japan will begin a contribution of $560 mn to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, which provides about 60 per cent of its assistance to sub-Saharan Africa. This year Japan will also start funding a $10 bn 鈥淐ool Earth Partnership鈥� to help African and other poor countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pursue environmentally sustainable development.

President Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania, speaking to the Yokohama summit as president of the African Union, saluted Japan鈥檚 role in seeking to achieve global consensus on practical follow-up measures to the Kyoto Protocol on climate change. Compared with other world regions, President Kikwete noted, Africa emits few of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, but suffers a disproportionate share of the negative consequences of climate change.

Since Africa needs much more than aid inflows, the Tanzanian president expressed the hope that Japan, through the TICAD process, would do more to encourage private sector investment in the continent.

Prime Minister Fukuda announced that a new facility for African investment will soon be established within the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, to directly finance businesses in Africa, as well as to provide financing guarantees. Over the next five years, such financing should reach $2.5 bn. 鈥淭hrough such public-private collaborative activity,鈥� the Japanese prime minister added, 鈥渨e are aiming to double Japanese private investment in Africa.鈥�